Making & Curing Concrete
Mix Proportions
Good concrete can be obtained by using a wide variety of mix proportions if proper mix design procedures are used. An old rule of thumb known as the Rule of 6 suggests:
- A minimum cement content of 6 (94 lb) bags per cubic yard of concrete.
- A maximum water content of 6 gallons (50 lb) per bag of cement.
- A curing period (keeping concrete moist) a minimum of 6 days.
- An air content of 6 percent (if concrete will be subject to freeze and thaw). That rule of thumb is not far off from today's sophisticated mix designs, and in fact, you'll still hear some people refer to "Six Sack Mixes" South of the 49th parallel.
Concrete mixed designs support the foundation to achieve strength and sound infrastructure.
Curing
Curing concrete is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing greatly increases concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardens as a result of hydration: the chemical reaction between cement and water. However, hydration occurs only if water is available and if the concrete's temperature stays within a suitable range.
During the curing period, five to seven days after placement for conventional concrete, the concrete surface needs to be kept moist to permit the hydration process to continue. New concrete should either be kept continuously wet with soaking hoses, sprinklers or by covering with wet burlap or filter fabric or concrete can be coated with commercially available curing compounds which maintain moisture in the concrete while it cures.
Water Cure
Concrete can harden under water. That's right, you read that correctly. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement which means that it sets and hardens due to a chemical reaction with water. Consequently, it will harden if it's completely under water.
Temperature
Temperature can affect concrete and extremes make it difficult to properly place, finish and cure concrete.
On hot days, too much water is lost by evaporation from newly placed concrete. If the temperature drops too close to freezing, hydration slows to nearly a standstill. Under these conditions, concrete ceases to gain strength and other desirable properties. In general, the temperature of new concrete should not be allowed to fall below 10 degrees centigrade during the curing period.
If you need to pour concrete when the temperature dips below 10 degrees, adding air helps. Air-entrained concrete contains billions of microscopic air cells per cubic metre. These air pockets relieve internal pressure in the concrete by providing tiny chambers for water trapped in the capillaries of concrete to expand into when it freezes. Air-entrained concrete is most often produced by the introduction of air-entraining agents or admixtures, at the concrete batch plant. The amount of entrained air targeted for a concrete that will be subject to cycles of freezing and thawing is usually between 4% and 8% of the volume of the concrete, but may be varied as required by special conditions.